(Summarising article in The Economist; OECD page with links to the whole report and other materials.)
On the right is part of an 'infographic' presenting some of the key findings. Another finding, which some readers will find surprising, is that women now outnumber men at university across the whole world, and by a big proportion in rich countries. In North America, the proportion of women is astonishing, though the trend has leveled off in the last few years: see the graph below, put together by The Economist.
One reason I am interested in this is because I am interested in trends in the secular world which mirror trends in the Church. Another case is falling church attendance being paralleled by falling memberships in various secular membership organisations and clubs. I've done a long blog post about this here. Similarly, the loss of men from the Church appears has taken place in the context of, for example, the loss of men from universities. The is a crisis of men going on in society as a whole. Before jumping to conclusions about the implications for the Church, however, we need to understand the secular phenomenon.
What the OECD report says is that boys and men are leaving what we might call their traditional pattern in education, though elements of this old pattern are still visible. The traditional pattern is that they choose particularly difficult subjects which promise greater career pay-offs (the 'graduate pay premium'), and work hard at them. More men than women read subjects like engineering at university, though the difference is less than before, and after education, in their early career, men are (still) more inclined to put in the hours. These factors mean that men (still, not as much as before) earn more after a few years, despite being (now, unlike earlier) at an educational disadvantage, on average, when applying for jobs. However, we are now confronted with the phenomenon of young men going to university less than women, dropping out more when they get there, and boys disproportionately saying school is a waste of time: the OECD's survey says that they are twice as likely as girls to say that.
There are a number of factors which the report identifies. For example, boys do significantly better in tests at school when - wait for it - the test scripts are anonymised. So the overwhelmingly female teaching profession is actually sexist; this is statistically provable. There is also a wealth of anecdotal evidence for a general feminisation of the curriculum and school activities, which will also de-motitivates boys, and the same is true at university. However, this isn't the main factor, because it doesn't explain the traditional pattern, or what is happening to it.
Although The Economist and the OECD report itself appear afraid to say this, the explanation is pretty obvious. Why have boys and young men traditionally felt motivated to work their socks off doing hard subjects which will land them bigger salaries, and then carry on working their socks off in their early careers? No prizes for guessing, but you will search in vain for the word 'breadwinner' in the OECD report. If men no longer expect to be the breadwinner of something resembling a traditional family, they won't have the traditional incentive to put in all this work.
This has been called the 'man strike'; a psychiatrist, Dr Helen Smith, has written a book called Men on Strike, contributing to a burgeoning, if still not fully mainstream, literature on the subject. What Smith explains is that although most men still marry and have children, the lack of security and prestige in their position as primary breadwinner means that extra investment in hard work from boyhood to middle age can no longer be expected to give a good return in terms of domestic contentment. They are not always expected to be the primary earner, they are no longer as respected for being one, and then they have only have an even chance of their marriages not ending in divorce. No one seems to dispute that fathers are treated badly in divorce settlements and child custody, and earning more opens them up to an even greater degree of exploitation by the family courts. These incentives feed through, naturally, to the question of getting married itself. The number of people getting married is indeed on a long downward slope, and it is women, not men, who seem to be complaining about it. (I've blogged about how easy divorce leads to fewer marriages here.)
The Economist notes one difficulty the new situation presents for women:
[I]n the past they have typically married men in their own social group or above. If there are too few of those, many women will have to marry down or not at all.
Well, this is putting the problem mildly.
I'll say something about the implications for the Church in another post.
Have you seen how The Guardian has reported on this same document? My husband has just found the article here: http://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/mar/05/girls-lack-self-confidence-maths-science-oecd-school-engineering. It is entitled 'Girls lack self-confidence in maths and science problems, study finds'! Can you believe how they twist the truth and report on some minor aspect, ignoring the problem at large.
ReplyDeleteI really feel sorry for men in this day and age!
I wonder whether one wants to take a wider view on this and see how things turn out later. My limited experience, before I retired in 2000, was of recruiting young people into the Law. The exam results of girls were always better than the men and frankly one had to discriminate against them to get any men at all. However after a few years in the law the men seemed to wake up and realise that they had to work hard if they were to support a family whilst the girls became dewy-eyed and began to think of other things than a career. I do not think this has much to do with church-going. The Church has become feminised in a way the world of work has not and it is that that puts men off.
ReplyDeleteMen have an instinctive inclination towards the “ breadwinner” concept, just as women have an expectation of protection while they have children. The system has worked.
ReplyDeleteBut, the last sixty years has seen the promotion of the “liberation” of women. The concept of uncommitted protected sex has figured high in this. It seemed a good idea at the time. But many thinking women have now gone off this idea. Their desire to have children, and to find a man to protect them while doing so is innate, but it's not so easy now.
Because in the meantime, many men have realised they are now onto a good thing. Easy sex, (still plenty of such women around), without the need for commitment.
A complicating factor is the feminisation of the job market. Steel mills, chemical factories, the armed forces etc. all jobs in which a man could use his physical skills and courage, shrinking away.
Result, both sexes very ill-at-ease, and drifting.
There is a general parallel within the Church, whereby women have been encouraged to take a more pro-active role, (now dominating the New Liturgy) while men, clergy and laity alike, are required to be “nice”, something which is not always suited to their inclinations.
Result, feminisation of Western Catholicism and men becoming a rarity at Mass, except for “oldies” such as myself that is, churches closing, bishops now managing decline rather than preaching the One True Holy and Catholic Faith.
Answer (probably for secular society as well as the Church), is to re-establish the roles. In the Church that is actually not so difficult. As the New Liturgy fades, which in my experience it is doing very rapidly, and the Mass of Ages re-establishes itself, which it is doing steadily, that will happen in no time at all, say fifty years or so.
As for secular society well that another matter, but I suspect the coming inevitable tensions between Islam and both Christianity and secular society, as Islam tries to fill the apparent vacuum, will sharpen thinking again, over the next twenty years or so.
Joseph,
ReplyDeleteA little off topic, but congratulations on getting quoted in America's second biggest newspaper: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/03/12/catholicism-latin-mass-resurgence/70214976/